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Breadth-First Search - Technical Overview

1. Algorithm Description: BFS is a graph traversal algorithm that explores all nodes at the present depth level before moving on to nodes at the next depth level.

2. Steps of BFS:

• Start at the source node, mark it as visited, and enqueue it.
• Dequeue a node from the queue and explore all its unvisited neighbors.
• Mark each neighbor as visited and enqueue it.
• Repeat this process until the queue is empty.

3. Time Complexity: O(V + E) where V is the number of vertices and E is the number of edges.

4. Space Complexity: O(V) due to the storage of visited nodes and the queue.

5. Usage: BFS is useful for finding the shortest path in unweighted graphs and is commonly used in level-order traversal of trees.